In-Circuit Component Testing and Automatic Faultfinding

As in any other manufacturing process, some form of testing and quality control is necessary in the production of electronic circuits. The demands for increasingly stringent testing techniques and quality assurance has risen sharply with the advancing state-of-the-art and with the advent of higher density circuits and increased complexity of these circuits. Because of their effectiveness and relatively low labor content, printed circuit boards are being used or considered for virtually every piece of electronic equipment.